The Demise of Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay

The Demise of Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay Top Choices of Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay When you're in high school, it's definite that you're predicted to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. It isn't important to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Anyway, you'll certainly like our price policy. Our technicians will kindly answer all your questions. However, this sort of essay isn't description for description's sake. The introduction usually starts out with some kind of background details. There are 3 methods that could be utilized in providing explanation for informative essay. You can rely on the very best essay help online. The Downside Risk of Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but ge nerally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. The odds are that you will come across pieces of the paper that are full of mistakes or parts that need clarity. As you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. This is a very big advantage for anybody. Things You Should Know About Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay Make a list of the significant points or qualities which you'll concentrate on in your essay. There are several middle school essay topics that can be utilized to complete exceptionable essays. There's quite a few essays completed by them. There's an endless number of different essay topics that may be analyzed. Which is the reason we have given you some informative essay samples that can assist you with your own. Based on this issue, each essay will change dependent on the depth of the thesis. Composing essays would most likely be the very last thing on your mind. Remember it is not a narrative essay, rather an essay that's directed at analyzing the subject. There are lots of supporting sources that can be utilized for this sort of essay and one can easily crop for a fantastic essay. Such essays are typical. Though there are systematic ways on composing your very own informative essay, it can be challenging to do. There are various sorts of essays that I would assume most of you are already acquainted with. Who Else Wants to Learn About Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay? Unique things to various individuals, since the situation demanded. So, with these kinds of attitudes, it's impossible to get the status of a fit and much healthier life. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. Explain either side of the matter. The Lost Secret of Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay You should show readers in place of tell them about your subject. The conclusion plays a critical role in the feeling it ties up the full essay. Limiting the range of a historical a rgument permits students to think deeply about the reason why they support a specific answer to the critical question. Therefore, they have some inkling of what it is that they need to do already from a young age. This will provide you with an edge from your classmates. On the 1 hand, students of that age are normally not treated as though they were children, teachers attempt to instill as. Wants to improve high school students' knowledge and comprehension of the. The Most Popular Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay Choose topics which you're most interested about or that which is timely and you would like to have a deeper investigation. There exists a wide variety of agencies that are very similar to ours. Secondly, we are a seasoned agency. Women are facing challenges when they're championing for social shift. America lags behind many nations in education. Students offer a distinctive perspective on the part of animals in research. We function for many annually. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. When you should compose a letter it can be challenging finding the most suitable words. In case the government explained I could study writing for six hours per day, five days per week, I would have been escatstic. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each and every day on the best way to school would be filled-in. What Samples of an Historical Middle School Essay Is - and What it Is Not Click the one which you like to look at the most. Pre-registration is needed. They all are positive. Many are highly-reputed.

Police Brutality Of African Americans - 1140 Words

Emmanuella Valentin May 16 2016 Mrs.Morris English IV Police Brutality Police ruthlessness against african americans have been among us for a considerable length of time . from slave days until the 20 century . Every last one of those passings of these youthful african americans have brought about a great deal of hurt and agony to a considerable measure of families. The most well-known killings in the unified states have been activated upon african americans. The vast majority of these killings are cause due to generalization while somebody will look upon an african american and consequently think It s a dark man, they might be perilous, destructive ,or even horrendous . There are a large number of situations where police have not been charged for unlawful murdering .cops additionally have their own particular mystery codes that helps them in each circumstance that they may wind up in, either on the off chance that they are pure or not . Families need to live with the way that no equity will be given to them,because sadly the law dependably wins . At the database situated on nytimes.com, it was expressed that 49% of individuals killed by police from may of 2013 to april 2015 were white. 30 percent of them were dark . Yet, 63% of this present nation s populace are white and dark are only 12%. It was established that dark man were 3.5 times more inclined to be killed by cops than white man . youthful African Americans rate of death in 2015 was five timesShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Of African Americans1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years police brutality towards African Americans has increased. This violence has resulted in riots across the United States. The August 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri many Americans, some who are former Civil Rights activists, have spoken out against police brutality. Black Lives Matter states that the movement’s goal is to bring justice to the present unjust police killings of African Americans. Looking at prior cases of brutality and its connection to racial profilingRead MorePolice Brutality Of African Americans2187 Words   |  9 PagesAs I was conducting research about police brutality I came up with three questions I wanted to find out. I wanted to know what race group is affected by police brutality the most, why they were affected by this the most and what to do to stop police brutality involving shooting civilian. This Paper talk about how police brutality is a major issue in America right now. There’s many different types of police brutality but police officers killing civilians is something that is issue in our nation currentlyRead MorePolice Brutality Against African Americans1997 Words   |  8 PagesThese were some of the last words from victims of police brutality against African Americans. Police brutality has been occurring ever since the police force began, but recently, the police have been targeting African Americans. In 2016, more than 250 African Americans were killed by the police. Most of the victims were unarmed and have not committed a serious offense. These frightening statistics do not have to continue. If the average American recognized the severity of the issue and raised theirRead MorePolice Brutality : An African American Man902 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Brutality By Kofi Owusu-Mensah 8/31/15 Cycle Day 2 Period 3 This is why I do not think these Police Brutality cases involve racism. In the past year, there have been 4 notable cases where an african american man or woman was treated with excessive force by police. Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and Walter Scott. Sandra Bland was a woman who failed to signal a lane change and ended up dead in a jail cell. Eric Garner was a man who refused to follow directions from police, was suffocatedRead MorePolice Brutality Against African Americans1997 Words   |  8 PagesPolice Brutality against African Americans From over 300 years African Americans have struggled from being taken from their homeland to being forced into slavery. They regained their so-called ‘Freedom’ but were never quite equal with all. African Americans have been fighting for equality for years and have had multiple leaders bring attention to the issues like Martin Luther King Junior forming marches to Rosa Parks refusing to get up from her seat for a White person. In this day of age AfricanRead MorePolice Brutality Against African Americans1358 Words   |  6 PagesPolice brutality against African Americans is nothing new in today’s society. Twenty five years after the beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles, Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, Eric Garner, and countless other unarmed African American men and women have become victims of police officers. Riots and protests in places like Ferguson, Baltimore and Cleveland have garnered the issue and unprecedented amount of attention, especially i n the media. It has also caused an outcry among the AmericanRead MorePolice Brutality Against African Americans Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality against African Americans was a huge impact in Los Angeles, California in 1991, and continues to be a problematic situation in America today. On March 3, 1991, a group of white LAPD beat Rodney King. After this incident occurred a lot of negative events started to transpire. A lot of African Americans were angry and demanded justice. The relationship between the LAPD and the Los Angeles community in 1991 were horrific and still continues to be awful today. Police brutality justRead MorePolice Brutality Against African Americans1972 Words   |  8 Pagesbad cops who kill for no reason. Police brutality against African Americans have been increasing over the past couple of years. Proper training of law enforcers and better education to the community will help ensure some of these incidents would not end with a life lost. à ¢â‚¬Å"Police need to learn more than logistics of policing but also the broader significance of their role in society† (Police Need Better). In this statement it is saying that yes, the job of the police to enforce the law, but also toRead MorePolice Brutality Within The African American Community1265 Words   |  6 PagesAsad Bidiwala RHE 306 August 13, 2015 Police Brutality within the African-American Community The specific audience of my argumentation is the racially ignorant white populations that refuse to acknowledge the idea that police brutality towards the African-American race is evident amongst our society. The racially ignorant white population assumes that police brutality is used as a defense mechanism rather than an appeal to racism towards African-Americans. This hostile audience becomes uncomfortableRead MoreThe Relationship Between Police Brutality And African Americans1350 Words   |  6 Pagesbring about a lack of opportunity and mistreatment. This paper will focus on the relationship between police brutality and African Americans. Let me be clear though police brutality affects the lives of minorities in general, but mostly this epidemic causes repercussions for African Americans due to racial ideologies by individuals as well as institutions. The systemic injustice towards African American is a result of institutionalized inequalities in the social construction. Racism is a belief that

The euro Essay Example For Students

The euro Essay 11 nations merged currencies to create the euro. Europes leaders say that the unified currancy will promote bussiness, underpin unity and strengthen their role in world affairs. Officially at midnight on New Years Eve the euro became the common currency of Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Ireland and Luxembourg. This event is hailed as a historic turning point in Europes history. By uniting Europe has created a powerful new economic force. Britain, Denmark and Greece are also hoping to join in the next decade. If the postwar era ended nine years ago with the fall of the Berlin Wall, then our futures begins on Jan. 1, 1999, German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder wrote in the Handelsblatt bussiness daily. The new euro currency is worth 1. 95583 German marks, 6.55957 France francs, 1,936.27 Italian lire, 166.386 Spanish pesetas. The euro is expected to opne the market at about $1.1665, 133 Japanese yen and 70 British pence. The currency will be slowly fazed in. The new euro notes and coins will not be issued to replace the Irish pounds, Portuguese escudos, Austrian schillings until 2002. The currency will however come into effect immediately for non-cash transactions ranging from government bond issues to credit card and check purchases. Euro figures will appear along side national currencies on pay checks, phone bills and bank statements. The United States dollar will now have a strong competator in the currency market. The euro-zone will be a powerful player in the world maket with its 20% of world economic output and 18% of world trade. The euro becomes the strong arm of the strongest economic region of the world, Austrian Chancellor Viktor Klima said in Vienna. From Lisbon to Helsinki, from Paris to Vienna, the euro is a remarkable symbol of our common identity, said France Finance Minister Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Tomorrow I wont be any less. French but we will all be a little more European. Europe is finished the century by sending a message of peace, said Italian Treasury Minister Carlo Ciampi. The conflicts that have so often gripped our continent are a thing of the past. The union of the currency must be backed up quickly with progress to increase European cooperation in fields such as foreign affairs and defense. These views of closer political integration will fuel euro-skeptic opinion in those countries that have stayed out of the monetary union through fears of losing national independence. Bibliography:

Napoleon and the Modern state free essay sample

Napoleon Bonaparte established reforms that began and marked the transition from an absolute government to what is today The Modern State. Napoleon’s political structure, legal codes, security apparatus, and the mobilization of national resources is what lead the French state to the modern state. Napoleon may have been defeated at the battle of waterloo bur he left a legacy and state of government that is still used today in the modern state. Napoleon Bonaparte set a political structure for himself as the new leader of France. Napoleon Bonaparte established himself as first council and he had no plans of sharing his power with others. His not sharing of power came easy to him because he was not associated in the public minds with anyone in the government, or the factions, so he was able to relate to all the French men. Napoleon created the written document The Constitution of the Year VIII, which secured his powers as first council . We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon and the Modern state or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This provided him with two subordinated councils and three house legislatures and gave him enough power to become the most powerful man of France and even Europe itself . Napoleon knew he had the support of his Frenchmen when in February 1800 the plebiscite, those who voted as the electoral votes, had three million votes for yes and only 1,500 votes as no . Because of the plebiscites Napoleon was given the title first council for life in 1802 and became emperor, which he crowned himself as in 1804. As fist council and emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte established the legal codes that governed France all the way through the 19th century. Napoleon established a centralized administration by rehabilitating the Ancient Regime. One of Napoleons most known legacies among in the modern state are the Napoleonic Codes. Thanks to Jean-Jacques de Cambaceres Napoleon oversaw the new laws for the French Nation known as the Napoleonic Codes, which remains the basis of the French law today . This code did things such as forbidding privileges based on birth, gave freedom of religion. This code was the first modern legal code adopted in Europe . Napoleon issued other than the Napoleonic codes to maintain power a security apparatus. Napoleon enforced a security apparatus to keep his Bonapartist regime as dictator by enforcing police and military power. Napoleon established a prefect for each of the 83 departments. The job of the prefect was to enforce the government laws and monitor its people. They were also responsible for local order . They were also given the power to override the local officials. One of the most important documents that is the basis of human rights were made by Napoleon on 1789. With the French revolution cam a lot of deaths but also the Declaration of the rights of men and citizens. Another set of authority Napoleon had control over was the secret police. Joseph Fouche who was kept by the directory after the reigns of terror was in charge of this secret police. The secret police was to be very strict. They censored the press authors, and playwrights. If the secret police believed that someone was breaking the law the police and the prefects supervised the individual in their home. Napoleon was also able to keep his powers because of the support he was able to retain. In 1799 when Napoleon came into power the revolution had put France with civil unrest, because of the dechristianization policies was put at distress. Napoleon used his powers to reconcile with the Catholic Church. Napoleon was not a very religious man but he understood that if he made peace with the church he would gain more support of the French men. On July 15, 1801 Napoleon signed the Concordat with Pope Pius VII. Most of France approved of this step making Catholicism Frances main religion. Bonaparte also gained power to appoint French bishops at this time . Mobilization of resources came about once Napoleon had power. One of the first things he did was give power to his family members. This in the modern world did not look good and is one of the problems that he caused for himself that eventually led to his fall. He annexed many countries including Holland parts of Germany and Italy. One way that he mobilized resources was with the continental system of 1806. This forbade any trade with France and Frances territories with Britain. Napoleon thought that this continental system will work in the favor of France but it did the opposite ruining its economy and Napoleons Satellites . Napoleon did many things like to leave France and Europe itself with the Modern Government there is today. Though not everything he tried Worked for his benefit a lot like the Napoleonic codes and the French declaration of the right of men and citizen is still the basis of what we have today in our country. The French revolution led the people to fight for what they believed was right and used Napoleon Bonaparte as their leader. While he made not have ended with the best legacy he set standard to today’s government that is still used today. Napoleon and the Modern state free essay sample Napoleon Bonaparte established reforms that began and marked the transition from an absolute government to what is today The Modern State. Napoleon’s political structure, legal codes, security apparatus, and the mobilization of national resources is what lead the French state to the modern state. Napoleon may have been defeated at the battle of waterloo bur he left a legacy and state of government that is still used today in the modern state. Napoleon Bonaparte set a political structure for himself as the new leader of France. Napoleon Bonaparte established himself as first council and he had no plans of sharing his power with others. His not sharing of power came easy to him because he was not associated in the public minds with anyone in the government, or the factions, so he was able to relate to all the French men . Napoleon created the written document The Constitution of the Year VIII, which secured his powers as first council . We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon and the Modern state or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This provided him with two subordinated councils and three house legislatures and gave him enough power to become the most powerful man of France and even Europe itself . Napoleon knew he had the support of his Frenchmen when in February 1800 the plebiscite, those who voted as the electoral votes, had three million votes for yes and only 1,500 votes as no . Because of the plebiscites Napoleon was given the title first council for life in 1802 and became emperor, which he crowned himself as in 1804. As fist council and emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte established the legal codes that governed France all the way through the 19th century. Napoleon established a centralized administration by rehabilitating the Ancient Regime. One of Napoleons most known legacies among in the modern state are the Napoleonic Codes. Thanks to Jean-Jacques de Cambaceres Napoleon oversaw the new laws for the French Nation known as the Napoleonic Codes, which remains the basis of the French law today . This code did things such as forbidding privileges based on birth, gave freedom of religion. This code was the first modern legal code adopted in Europe . Napoleon issued other than the Napoleonic codes to maintain power a security apparatus. Napoleon enforced a security apparatus to keep his Bonapartist regime as dictator by enforcing police and military power. Napoleon established a prefect for each of the 83 departments. The job of the prefect was to enforce the government laws and monitor its people. They were also responsible for local order . They were also given the power to override the local officials. One of the most important documents that is the basis of human rights were made by Napoleon on 1789. With the French revolution cam a lot of deaths but also the Declaration of the rights of men and citizens. Another set of authority Napoleon had control over was the secret police. Joseph Fouche who was kept by the directory after the reigns of terror was in charge of this secret police. The secret police was to be very strict. They censored the press authors, and playwrights. If the secret police believed that someone was breaking the law the police and the prefects supervised the individual in their home. Napoleon was also able to keep his powers because of the support he was able to retain. In 1799 when Napoleon came into power the revolution had put France with civil unrest, because of the dechristianization policies was put at distress. Napoleon used his powers to reconcile with the Catholic Church. Napoleon was not a very religious man but he understood that if he made peace with the church he would gain more support of the French men. On July 15, 1801 Napoleon signed the Concordat with Pope Pius VII. Most of France approved of this step making Catholicism Frances main religion. Bonaparte also gained power to appoint French bishops at this time . Mobilization of resources came about once Napoleon had power. One of the first things he did was give power to his family members. This in the modern world did not look good and is one of the problems that he caused for himself that eventually led to his fall. He annexed many countries including Holland parts of Germany and Italy. One way that he mobilized resources was with the continental system of 1806. This forbade any trade with France and Frances territories with Britain. Napoleon thought that this continental system will work in the favor of France but it did the opposite ruining its economy and Napoleons Satellites . Napoleon did many things like to leave France and Europe itself with the Modern Government there is today. Though not everything he tried Worked for his benefit a lot like the Napoleonic codes and the French declaration of the right of men and citizen is still the basis of what we have today in our country. The French revolution led the people to fight for what they believed was right and used Napoleon Bonaparte as their leader. While he made not have ended with the best legacy he set standard to today’s government that is still used today.

Can we know something that has not yet been proven true Essay Example

Can we know something that has not yet been proven true Essay Example Can we know something that has not yet been proven true Essay Can we know something that has not yet been proven true Essay Essay Topic: Religion In order to answer this question, we must first define how we can prove that something is true and it actually exists. Some think that seeing is believing and therefore if they see something with their own eyes, that precise object must exist. Others feel that if there is not a logical explanation to a certain event or to a belief, then that thing does not exist. Some might say that scientific proof is the only way to state that a certain thing is true. What happens when scientific proof is showed to someone who only believes in the seeing is believing principle, or what if a plain and simple picture is shown to a scientist? Will they believe that that object or theses exist or not? For us to know something, we must believe that the method used to prove this fact, is the most suitable and the most accurate. For example, not many people will believe that UFOs exist just because they have been showed a picture with a presumed flying spacecraft on it. This also goes for everything we are taught in life. If it comes from what we think is a reliable source (parents or teachers), then there is more of a chance that we will use this knowledge later on our lives. For scientists and mathematicians, the only medium through which the truth is separated from the imaginary world, is scientific facts and numbers. These facts and numbers, are later set up into an experiment or a certain method through which a predicted or less predicted outcome will be formed, and new facts and numbers released, formulating experimental results, which are the bases for scientific conclusions. These conclusions state what is true and what is not. We can also take into consideration, the fact that some people believe that seeing is believing. In general we can relate this also to our other four senses (hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching), therefore resulting in a method that uses our human senses to prove whether things are true or not. I have personally come across a discussion relating the seeing is believing theory, and this happened in religion class, where the students were asked to debate on the available evidence of Gods existence. One of the students asked the obvious question: has anyone ever seen God, has anyone touched him, has anyone talked to him? Another student replied with another quite similar question: has anyone ever seen your brain, has anyone ever touched it, has anyone ever talked to it? Obviously no one had, and realising the obvious, the class went quiet. Within the borders and the limits of the classroom, we knew something that we were not able to prove true. Arguments like these happen every day all around the world. Arguments, whos main point of discussion or of debate, is a certain fact, which is obviously true, but at that time no one would have the ability to produce some clear evidence that would be accepted by everyone as reliable and accurate. Religion is probably the most complicated and sensible subject dealing with what is real and what is not. How can so many people in the world follow a religion, which does not have some clear and recent proof? We do have eyewitness accounts, and holy books, but how can we explain all the miracles and the extraordinary events that characterise the life of a prophet. I am not here to criticise mine or other religious beliefs, but I am here to define the difference between knowledge and faith. Faith is another form of knowing something that has not yet been proven true, but it consists of something beyond science and beyond any sort of facts and figures. We can say that faith is a derivative of the seeing is believing principle. The only difference between the two is that, the religious belief is based on eyewitness accounts from over a millennium ago and not from your own observation. Faith could be interpreted as another method of knowing something that has not yet been proven true, if we do not consider how much time has passed since someone had the capabilities to prove that our beliefs and everyone elses, are true. All truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is accepted as being self-evident. 1 Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 1860) If we think about mans discoveries throughout history, we will see that most, if not all of them have followed the path suggested by the quote. Discoveries such as the roundness of the earth and the ability to overtake the speed of sound, perfectly match this sort of definition and so do other discoveries and theories, thought of by humans. Then what can be said about the existence of extraterrestrial beings, or about the life after death? Could the theories and the witness accounts be true? How can we tell the difference between someone who is lying and someone who is telling us what he really saw, felt, or heard? The only way we can resolve these mysteries, is to let time do the job for us. With the gaining of new and more advanced technologies, man will be able to reach limits never imagined before. In a couple of decades we could be all spending our winter holidays skiing on the, over twenty kilometre high, Olympus Mons, on Mars! Sometime in the future we will have the possibility to prove whether what we think of today as absolutely impossible and absurd, will be proven to be true, with the help of technology and other close encounters. The cause for this mass scepticism, is that some people might recognise certain witness accounts as absolute nonsense, but that is simply because they do not consider this as a reliable source of evidence for such an event. Therefore they conclude that this certain thing never happened, and therefore if has not been proven true. Therefore that witness knows something that has not yet been proven true. What a human being knows, is only a minute fraction, of the available knowledge of today. One must be able to preserve his or her knowledge, and pass it to later generations. This knowledge could be useless as it could be the key to our survival. It is obvious that in order to know something, one must first make sure it is true, and to do that, one must follow the best possible method, he or she regards as the most reliable. This is the very foundation of our knowledge. The proof of something being true, plays a vital role in the knowing or not knowing concept. What really matters is that, one must be able to prove to himself that his knowledge is correct, and in order to do so, one must follow the method chosen. There are more than one points of view concerning method used, and there will be some people who will think that the method u chose is the wrong one and rather inaccurate. But from your point of view, you would know that a certain thing is true, and according to your method, you have proven it true. But for those who do not believe the method you chose is the best one, they will bring up the argument that you have did not prove that that thing exists, even though they might believe it does. Therefore you would know something that has not yet been proven true.

A Guide to Navigating in Spanish

A Guide to Navigating in Spanish There are few things more frustrating while traveling than getting lost  in a foreign place. Fortunately, if you are traveling in an area where Spanish is one of the languages spoken, this list of phrases and words below can help you quickly get to where you are going. Keep This Vocabulary List on Hand Combine the vocabulary listed below with basic grammar and you will be well on your way to getting the help you need. Even if you are not proficient in Spanish, in most places you travel you will find that people will appreciate your desire to use their language. Print out or write down the phrases below so you can communicate with the people around you during your travels.  Ã‚ ¡Buen viaje! (Have a great trip!) Basic Spanish Travel Phrases Where is...? Where are...? -  ¿Dà ³nde est...?  ¿Dà ³nde estn...?How do you go to...? -  ¿Por dà ³nde se va a...? Or,  ¿Cà ³mo puedo llegar a...?Where are we on the map? -  ¿Dà ³nde estamos aquà ­ en el mapa?Is it far away? Is it near here? -  ¿Est lejos?  ¿Est por aquà ­?Im looking for... - Busco...Im lost. - Estoy perdido (perdida if you are female). Where can I catch a taxi (a bus)? - Latin America:  ¿Dà ³nde puedo tomar un taxi (un autobà ºs)?  Spain:  ¿Dà ³nde puedo coger un taxi (un autobà ºs)? Note that other terms used regionally for bus include bus, colectivo, camià ³n, camioneta, gà ³ndola, guagua, micro, microbà ºs, and pullman. Be careful with the usage of the verb coger in parts of Latin America, because it can have an obscene meaning.Additional ways of travel could be on foot (a pie), by car (en coche), on a motorbike (la moto), by boat (el barco), and by plane (el avià ³n). More Spanish Speaking Terms When Traveling Write it down, please. - Escrà ­balo, por favor.Speak more slowly, please. - Hgame el favor de hablar ms despacio.I dont understand Spanish well. - No entiendo bien el espaà ±ol.Is there anyone who speaks English? -  ¿Hay alguien que hable inglà ©s?North, east, west, south - Norte, este or oriente, oeste or occidente, surKilometer, mile, meter - Kilà ³metro, milla, metroStreet, avenue, highway - Calle, avenida, camino, carrera, or carreteraCity block - Cuadra (Latin America) or manzana (Spain)Street corner - EsquinaAddress - Direccià ³n Two Tips for Conversation While Abroad Get specific. Use key terms for places you are going to in your conversations with others. You may want directions to a shopping mall (el centro comercial), general shops (las tiendas) or the grocery market (el mercado). All three can be summed up as shops, but they vary in the type of shop. If you want to explore tourist attractions, detail if you would like to see an art gallery (la galerà ­a de arte), a park (el parque), or a historic center (el casco antiguo).Be friendly. There is nothing that delights locals more than when tourists are courteous and ask for help with a smile. Include basic greetings along with your phrases such as hello (hola or buenas), how are you doing? ( ¿quà © tal?) and good day (good morning is ​buenos dà ­as,  good  afternoon  is buenas tardes, and good evening is buenas noches). Youll score extra points if you adopt to local variations, such as buen dà ­a used in some countries rather than the more common buenos dà ­as. Using Addresses You should be aware the structure of street addresses can vary widely from country to country. Consult a thorough tourist guide before you travel to become familiar with local practices. In many cases, understanding addresses will be easier than it might seem at first. For example, one of the most popular museums in Bogot, Colombia, is el Museo del Oro (Gold Museum) at Cra. 6 #15-88, which initially might seem like a jumble of characters. But Cra. 6 indicates that is on Carerra 6, which we might call 6th Avenue in English. The 15 is the street name (Calle 15), and the 88 indicates the distance from the intersection of that avenue and street. Unfortunately for the traveler, easy-to-understand addressing conventions arent used everywhere, and not all streets are named. In Costa Rica, for example, you may run across addresses such as 200 metros al oeste de la escuela Fernndez, indicating a location 200 meters west of the Fernandez school.

Healthcare Workers. Workplace Violence Research Paper

Healthcare Workers. Workplace Violence - Research Paper Example Such perpetrators include customers, patients, inmates, and other groups of people who receive regular services from the business. Healthcare facilities such as nursing homes and psychiatric facilities have the highest number of customer violence (Lee et al, 2010). Workplace violence is also perpetrated by fellow workers where an employee threatens or assaults another employee or past employee. Violence can also be perpetrated by individuals without any relationship with the business but have personal relationships with the victims. This includes victims of domestic violence who are attacked or assaulted while at work. The victims of workplace violence are mostly employees in the business. The victims have the responsibility of conducting business activities or providing services (Lee et al, 2010). Nurses and care givers in a nursing home or hospital may be attacked by violent patients. Shop attendants become victims of violent crimes such as robbery. Police officers and prison warde ns are victims of violence from criminals and prisoners. Employees may be subjected to verbal abuses or unwanted touching from their supervisors (Lee et al, 2010). Harassment by senior employees is evident in workplaces such as warehouses. New employees or junior employees become victims of overworking, threats, and abuses from senior employees. Spouses may become victims of workplace violence when domestic violence extends to the workplace. An employee may be attacked or abused by the spouse in the workplace due to unresolved domestic issues (Lee et al, 2010). Risk factors include mental health disorders such as stress, anxiety, and drug intoxication are common among people who commit workplace violence. Employees, customers, or patients with mental disorders have the highest probability of becoming violent. The employees’ inability to deal with a crisis is another risk factor (Lee et al, 2010). Emergency situations in the workplace may increase the stress levels in an emplo yee who loses control of the crisis and may perpetrate verbal violence. The age, years of experience, gender, hours worked, and marital status predispose workers to violence. Women and new employees may experience verbal and physical violence from senior employees. Employees dealing with the public such as police officers are exposed to attacks. Workers handling money such as cashiers are usually victims of criminal violence during robberies (OSHA, 2009). Employees working at night, guarding valuables, working in high crime areas, or transporting passengers have a high probability of being attacked. Workplace violence affects all stakeholders in a business. It has been estimated that organizations lose $202 billion annually due to workplace violence (Bowlers et al, 2007). Employers are affected by the violence due to reduced workdays and low employee morale. Employers also have to restore stolen property, replace damaged property, legal expenses, and compensate victims. Employees ar e also affected by the violence due to high levels of stress, physical injuries, depression, and high healthcare expenses. The personal relationships between employees also change in cases of employee-employee violence (Snyder, Chen and Vacha-Haase, 2007). Demoralization of employees leads to reduced job efficiency. This affects the quality of services delivered to customers and clients. Violence involving customer or clients may lead

Autobiographical Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Autobiographical Narrative - Essay Example As a result, I have started to see new things with my own eyes which I never used to see before; feel new things with the same heart which never gave me those feelings before! Of course, things have changed considerably since I overcame this ultimate test of my life, but the test was never an easy one! It was the first and most crucial challenge in my entire life up to the last fifteen years when my doctor advised me to become a vegetarian in order to improve my health. For a person who was born and brought up as a ‘pure’ non-vegetarian, the ‘mere’ idea behind this vegetarianism was anything but easily digestible. And, no doubt, I became too upset too fast! â€Å"It is going to be in the best interest of your life!† – my physician was clear-cut in his voice. I tried my best to avoid such a situation – I debated a great deal with the doctor on the idiocy of the idea, and organized my arguments against concept of vegetarianism. But, in the end, I had to give up my idea, and then started the most challenging phase of my life. â€Å"Hope it’s not going to be the end of my happy life† – thought I, as I came out of the physician’s room.... I never knew, in my short life, what it means to adjust or compromise, because I have never been of that type. â€Å"I want a play-station today† – I would demand my mom, and it was there in the evening. Even my elder brother was not fortunate in enjoying this distinction, as he was always directed to make the adjustments for me! â€Å"You ought to make the compromise, Jerry,† my father used to tell my brother, â€Å"because John is much younger to you.† In other words, there is not a single child in the whole world who was fortunate to enjoy the more satisfying things in life and I lived like a king in my own empire. Life seemed terribly changed once I was expected to make adjustments for the first time in my entire life – that too, on the very matter which is most crucial in my life. I think I’m yet to introduce myself as a person who is deeply addicted to eating too much, but it is the most telltale feature of my life. I’m widely kn own among my friends and relatives as a youngster who was an ardent admirer of non-vegetarian items in the menu. Yes, I have been a ‘pure’ non-vegetarian for the last fifteen years or more! I just love to come across more recipes in non-vegetarian and I had a craze for Italian and Chinese cuisine. I enjoyed almost all the items in my non-veg. menu and it was almost clear from the way I looked. I’m under treatment for the same reason – that I’m an obese now. I was prescribed to turn to be a vegetarian for the same reason – as part of the overall strategy for weight control, cholesterol reduction, and blood pressure reduction. It was a Himalayan task for me to adjust myself to the requirements of my new life which is totally devoid of the presence of fish, meat,

Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

Christmas Carol Essay A Christmas Carol focuses on a very mean character called Ebenezer Scrooge, who unnaturally receives a chance to make amends for his actions towards his clients. Life in Britain in the 1800s was very dark and gloomy, also its population was increasing rapidly. At this time and age, Britains industrial revolution was in full flow, thus making Britains population explode. Charles dickens had uncountable financial problems and was in in huge dept. In addition to this, in the fall of 1843 dickens and his wife were expecting their fifth child. Supporting his large family was difficult for Dickens. Requests for money from his family and a large mortgage had left Dickens seriously short of cash. In a way Dickens most cherished and most read books was created as a result of his own desperate need of money. Charles Dickens routinely walked the city streets, 10 or 20 miles at a time, observing the life. The descriptions in his writing seem like an exact replica of what he observed and experienced during these times. Evidence of this shown in the text. Descriptions such as a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, may show how Charles Dickens might have behaved when he had his desperate money problems. In this essay, I will be discussing the development of Ebenezer Scrooges character in Christmas Carol whilst going through each stave. Stave 1 clearly introduces Scrooges character to the reader. At the beginning of the stave, the first description we see is where it says: The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker and the mourner. Scrooge signed it. From this text the reader can already comprehend that scrooge is a man who only takes credit for himself and that he despises spending money on other people. Another description presented by the text tells the reader that there is something about Scrooges life style that makes him very unpopular with the locals. Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks My dear Scrooge how are you This makes it crystal clear that scrooge is obviously not a nice person, thus making the locals shun his presence. Scrooges cold and cruel actions to people result in Marleys Ghost appearing in Scrooges home. The ghost warns Scrooge that if he does not change his way of life, he will end up loosing everything and becoming just like Marley, who is dead and bound up in chains. In the second section or stave 2 of the novel, even though Marleys ghost had gone, its presence was having an effect on Scrooge. Marleys ghost bothered him extremely Since no one has ever been close to changing Scrooges personality, this text shows a slight alteration in Scrooges character. In this stave, Scrooge is visited by another ghost who says to represent Christmas past. This ghost shows Scrooge his early life and how much he has changed. After Scrooge has witnessed his passed life and actions, Scrooge is moved with regret. I wish Just these two words are very significant as they show a huge positive development in Scrooges character, which suggests that Scrooge is willing and hoping to change his cruel ways, and diminish descriptions of himself such as: To see a heightened and excited face would have been a surprise Scrooges life is full of negative descriptions like this and he wished to make amends for his past actions. Scrooge then says something to the ghost that is very, very unusual: There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night, I would like to give him something. This is probably the first time that Scrooge has ever shown any affection for anyone, which shows that the presence of the ghosts are developing Scrooges character in a divine way. In stave 3 of the novel Scrooge is visited by yet another ghost who says to represent Christmas present. This ghost shows Scrooge how other families, such as the clerks and the Cratchits. Scrooge sees that even though the Cratchits are very poor, they can have a high quality of life and be happy at Christmas. Earlier on in the novel Scrooge says a cold blooded thing concerning one of the Cratchits son called Tiny Tim who looks very frail and scrawny and much too vulnerable to the hands of death: If he be like to die he had better do it and decrease the surplus population. Scrooges cold heart was so uncaring, that he thought that the death of a person was a benefit or an advantage to people. However, when the ghost showed Scrooge this family, his reminiscence of his past sayings had a different effect on him: Scrooge hung his head to hear his own words quoted by the spirit and was overcome with penitence and grief. Now that Scrooge has viewed that people can be happy without a lot of money, his former way of thinking has now disgusted him. Scrooge has now probably for the first time accepted that his way of life is detestable and needs to be changed: All the things that ghost has shown him came upon his mind. He softened If he would have listened he might have cultivated the kindness of life. This shows a further development of Scrooges character as his hard headedness had been softened and also, he now desires to have a personal quality of kindness. In stave 4 of the novel Scrooge is visited by the last of the three ghosts who represents Christmas future. In this stave scrooge is shown a group of people who are discussing a very unpopular mans death. Scrooge is puzzled by the conversation of the group until the ghost silently exposes the secret when he shows Scrooge a gravestone with his own name on it. The description of the ghost in the beginning of the stave definitely offers a hint that Scrooges future will be cold and dark just as his past life: Shrouded in a deep black garment It seemed to scatter gloom and mystery These phrases are fitting descriptions of a ghost that will bring news that is associated with death. The tone of this stave is also set with words such as; Shadow and dark room. These words give further evidence that a death orientated future awaits Scrooge. Scrooge is horrified when he sees his own gravestone, but to further upset him, he sees that his death is un-watched, un-wept and un-cared for. the phrase neglected grave shows that no one cared if Scrooge died because of the extent of the his cold-hearted actions towards people. This event made Scrooge release all of his emotions. I hope to live to be another man His future death makes Scrooge resolve to change his way of cold way of life into a much more kind, new man. Stave 5 shows the finale of Ebenezer Scrooges development of character. In this stave Scrooge is shown to be a completely different man. For example, instead of sacking one of his employees for being late, he raises his salary another example is that the story says that Scrooge became like a second father to Tiny Tim. In this stave there is also evidence that points to the outcome of the story as the mood of the novel suddenly changes from a dark and gloomy mood to a more happy mood. Words such as Bright and Golden sunlight show that something marvellous and positive is going to happen to Scrooge and his character. These hints are fulfilled when the text says: Glowing with good intentions Obviously from this, the reader can see that Scrooge is a changed man, and is exploding with good deeds and emotions, and instead of planning to do evil he is planning to do something obliging. Language devises such as similes are also used to show Scrooges development in character: As happy as an angel This simile is used to further emphasize the alteration in Scrooges personality. Since Angels are portrayed to be perfect heavenly creatures it is obvious to the reader that Scrooge has made some miraculous changes from being a cold hearted, uncaring and evil man into a loving, kind and angelic new man. In my personal opinion, I believe that the presence of the ghosts were like stepping stones to the development of Scrooges character. It seemed to me that the lessons taught by the ghosts became more and more severe as Scrooges mind gradually softens.

Elements of The Lord of the Rings in Final Fantasy VIII Essay -- Lord

Elements of The Lord of the Rings in Final Fantasy VIII      Ã‚  Ã‚   J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy is arguably the most influential work of fantasy literature in modern times. Its epic tale of good against evil and its surreal world of magical and unusual characters and places have captured and enchanted readers since its publication half a century ago. The story of the struggle to destroy the One Ring still influences numerous tales of adventure in literature, film, and role-playing games. Since the advent of role-playing video games, the Final Fantasy series has endured in a genre where many other games seem to blend together. It marks a standard in the world of role-playing games in much the same way The Lord of the Rings marks a standard in fantasy literature. This essay shall examine these two epic adventures and show some of the ways in which Final Fantasy VIII draws upon elements from The Lord of the Rings.    At the center of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is the basic struggle between good and evil, manifested through the battle over the One Ring. The story draws upon traditional Christian theology and ideas about good and evil, right and wrong. Goodness in The Lord of the Rings is represented by selflessness and an interest in the good of all, with a willingness to give of oneself for the good of the whole. However, the border between good and evil is not always clear, and characters are not necessarily completely good or completely evil. Selfishness, greed, and hunger for individual power are destructive forces for evil within individual characters, and characters must use their own moral compass to choose whether to strive for good or give in to the temptation of evil. Even... ...Merry and Pippin or Zell Dincht. Perhaps it is the vulnerability in characters like Frodo Baggins or Squall Leonheart; seemingly 'regular guys' who are thrust into extraordinary situations and who persevere for the forces of good in the world. Regardless, both The Lord of the Rings and the Final Fantasy series are works that have managed to grow beyond the narrow bounds of their genre, and both will likely remain influential standards by which other works are judged.    WORKS CITED Final Fantasy VIII. SquareSoft/Electronic Arts. 1999. Final Fantasy: Worlds Apart. Final Fantasy VIII home page. Tolkein, J.R.R. The Fellowship of the Ring. New York: Ballantine Books, 1954. ---. The Return of the King. New York: Ballantine Books, 1955. ---. The Two Towers. New York: Ballantine Books, 1954.   

Mother And Daughter Relationships Essay

What is the â€Å"mother-daughter† relationship? I have no direct information on this because I am not a daughter. I do, however, have two sisters, and their relationship with my mother is very different when compared to the characters in the short stories â€Å"Who’s Irish?† and â€Å"New York Day Women.† Relationships between mothers and daughters take different forms for different people. The mother/daughter relationship amongst different people can be the same, but also very different. There are many similarities in the relationships between the mothers and daughters in the short stories, â€Å"Who’s Irish?† and â€Å"New York Day Women.† One similarity is that there is a foundation of love between the generations. For example, in â€Å"Who’s Irish?† the mother seems to explain how she feels about her when she was a baby. â€Å"A daughter I have, a beautiful daughter. I took care of her when she could not hold her head up.† The narrator seems to have much love for her daughter, and she tries to make her life better by taking care of her child. In â€Å"New York Day Women† the daughter, Suzette, follows her mother around New York City on her lunch break and comments on what she is doing. In this short story it isn’t hard to see that this daughter loves her mother very much. Suzette also appears to know what her mother does in her everyday life, and with this information she embraces her mother with kindness and love. For instance, she knows that her mother shouldn’t eat anything with sodium because, â€Å"she has to be careful with her heart, this day woman.† Another similarity would be that the cultures of both mothers are held strongly with them, but not as strongly with their daughters. For example, in â€Å"Who’s Irish?† the mother says, â€Å"You spank her,  she’ll stop†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which in Chinese culture it is acceptable to spank your child. However, Natalie replies, â€Å"†¦Oh no. In America, parents not supposed to spank the child. It gives them low self esteem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Which contradicts the Chinese parenting tradition performed to teach obedience to the child. In â€Å"New York Day Women† the mother portrays herself as a person who keep traditions strong but not have them interfere with other cultures such as the American culture. Although the mother remains tied to her culture throughout the whole story, yet her daughter is willing to accept her ways, but not follow them. An additional similarity in the two short stories is the mothers’ efforts in trying to embrace new cultures. It is hard for people of different backgrounds to understand the change in culture in a country where the culture is totally different and diverse. However, the willingness of the two mothers to accept the culture is their way of expressing their love for their children. For example, in â€Å"Who’s Irish?† the mother finally accepts the culture around her at the end of the story when she moves in with Bess Shea. She encounters things of the new culture and she doesn’t seem to mind them, such as watching bloopers and the birdfeeder. With these little changes in culture she will adapt to the new habitat in which she is living. The similarity in â€Å"New York Day Women† is a little easier to understand because it happens throughout the entire story. In the story â€Å"New York Day Women† the mother walks down the street in Brooklyn while her daughter is following her from behind. The mother seems to have a routine she follows everyday. One example of the mother embracing a new culture is when Suzette is trailing behind, and notices that she stops at the vendor on the side of the street and orders a frankfurter, which is an American meal to most people. Another example, of accepting a new culture would be the argument of the taxi drivers in front of Carnegie Hall, which is very common in New York to have happen. So she sits and waits until the argument is over. The mother’s reply was, â€Å"In Haiti when you get hit by a car, the owner of the car gets out and kicks you for getting blood on his bumper.† These are examples of the similarities between the relationships in â€Å"New York Day Women,† and â€Å"Who’s Irish?† There are also many differences in the mother-daughter relationships of these short stories. The first difference was how the two daughters acted towards  their mothers’ old traditions and customs. The fact that Suzette was curious about the mother’s customs and wanted to know more about it made the story â€Å"New York Day Women† a little more articulate. In the sense that I could tell that Suzette knows her mother very well, and will not stop being curious about her mothers traits. For example, in â€Å"New York Day Women† the Suzette follows her mother around the streets of New York. She doesn’t want to be seen by her because she is trying to see what she is does in the daytime. This curiosity leads Suzette to learn how her mother adapts to the city life. On the other hand, in â€Å"Who’s Irish?† Nattie does not really care what her mother’s traditions are. She only cares about the new way a child should be treated and the way an American acts. This leads to confusion between Nattie and her mother because both are trying to force different customs and cultures Sophie, the daughter of Nattie. Also, in the end, Nattie is so distant from her mother that she rarely goes over to Bess’ house to see her. The second difference between these two stories would have to be the relationships between the two families. In â€Å"New York Day Women† the mother-daughter relationship is very close. Just the fact that the Suzette went to follow her mother to learn her customs is loving, but to have almost every sentence begin with â€Å"My mother† is enough evidence that there relationship is close enough to make the family in â€Å"Who’s Irish?† look chaotic. With this kind of relationship between them their mother-daughter relationship the love will never end. However, the mother-daughter relationship in â€Å"Who’s Irish?† is horrible. The mother loves her daughter, but she can’t show it to Nattie because she doesn’t want to let go of her traditions. This leads to the physical abuse of Sophie and aggravation from Nattie, which would head the relationship in a downhill pattern. The families portrayed in these two stories depict very different mother-daughter relationships. In conclusion, the relationships between mothers and their daughter can vary just as the tides of the ocean. The mother-daughter relationship amongst different people can be the same, but also very different, as seen in the short stories, â€Å"Who’s Irish?† and â€Å"New York Day Women.†. However, in the end family relationships will prevail in good standing, and the love that was always there will rise in the hearts of the families and all will be won in  the fight for togertherness.

What is Liberalism?

Liberalism is defined as a broad category of political philosophies that values the respect for equality and individual liberty to be one significant concept of the political goals. Liberalism puts emphasis on the need for equality of opportunities and individual rights. Within the domains that encompass the concept of liberalism there are streams of terms and thoughts that compete for the right usage of the term ‘liberal’.In democracies along the Atlantic region such as New Zealand and Australia, liberalism is perceived as a precious achievement of an enduring nature and value. It is one important legacy among the European histories and philosophy which is commonly abbreviated as an enlightment. It has a wider resonce and scope that continues to inspire the political emancipation in regions across Europe and far beyond (http://freestudents. blogspot. com/2006/03/what-is-liberalism. tml). It is one achievement of its kind that is not influenced by the sudden rapture of t he common place charges of philosophical confusion, individualism, reductionist, cultural imperialism and the ranging political naivete and irrelevance. On the extreme contrast liberalism appears to be very ambiguous in matters of public and even to the academic realism so much in that it is always perceived as an intellectual orthodoxy or a hegemonic ideology.All the diverse streams that encapsulate the concept of liberalism are in a way united in one accord and supported by a structure of constitutional realism which however encompasses broad concepts such as the freedom of speech and thought, the rule of law, the limitations of the power of government and the support to individual rights and private property and lastly the challenge toward agitating for a transparent system of governance.Majority of all the supporters of liberalism and other political ideologist unanimously support the divergent forms of governments and especially the liberal democracy which agitates for fair and open elections in a country where all citizens hold equal similar rights towards the rule of law (http://www. polity. co. uk/keyconcepts/samples/kelly-chapter. pdf). According to various philosophers, liberalism comes in two broad forms. The first form is the classical liberalism which entirely emphasizes on the significance of individual liberty and contemporary welfare. This type of liberalism is focused on the significance of material equality.The second form of liberalism is referred to as the conservative liberalism which is more prominent and common in the American Economic outlook. To Europeans and Americans, conservative liberalism stands out to represent various things. That is, it is commonly associated with matters relating to states welfare and policies . Liberalism is rooted on the grounds of age enlightment a concept that repels the assumptions made on the foundational theories of government theories such the concepts of heredity status, the divine status of rights of kings and economic protectionisms which were laid down by religions.On the extreme construct liberalism defines itself as an independent entity that seeks for equal dignity and the value of individual worthiness. Thus liberalism is commonly perceived as an historic advocate of freedom. To much extend it has greatly influenced the rule of law and private property through agitating for the free exchange of ideas and goods (http://freestudents. blogspot. com/2006/03/what-is-liberalism. html).As the name stipulates liberalisms is best understood as the fundamental belief in a political ideal that permeates individuals to possess the freedom towards pursing their own goals in their very own unique ways in due respect without infringing on the equality and liberty of others. The basic concern is projected towards the preservation of human rights. That is rights are considered to be the most fundamental concepts and language through which liberalism can be spoken. The entire concepts abou t liberalism both circumlogate around the primacy of the human rights.According to Thomas Jefferson, human beings hold true in order to be self evident. However, man is created as been equal to his fellow man and by large he/she is endowed with innate capabilities which come as inalienable rights to life, pursuit of happiness and liberty (http://www. polity. co. uk/keyconcepts/samples/kelly-chapter. pdf). Therefore, in order to ensure that these rights are well secured the governments are instituted in the midst of men to derive their just powers by seeking consent from the governed.Liberalism transformed the prevailing doctrines of human rights by setting them upside down. For quit sometime man was believed that he lived for the sake of the state. That is, which ever capabilities he possessed they were gifts granted to him by the king manning the government. According to liberalism the opposite was held wrong in that man initially possessed the rights far much before the government came into being and however, it received sanctions from the people. Various movements have erupted as movements towards repelling the concepts of liberal influence.Majority of these movements affirm and reclaim holding to what they have held in the past as the traditional orthodoxy. Some claim that the political liberalism miss understands the nature and the demands of the political array. The egalitarianism behind this notion is profoundly an anti – political doctrine which aims at replacing the demands of politics. Another reaction emerges from the philosophical claims underpinning liberalism which claim that liberalism is based on false conceptions of neutrality by focusing on narrow and culturally specific prejudice which are generalized as universal values.

Cezanne and Pollock essays

Cezanne and Pollock essays Explain Czanne and Pollocks contribution to Modernism by: Describing their new techniques/materials (practice) Innovation in concepts, theories and intentions Explore the significance of their work and the influence they had on other artists (support with critical and historical quotes/comments.) I want to make of Impressionism something soled and durable, like the art of the museums Paul Czanne The source of my painting is the unconscious Jackson Pollock Modernism is the revolutionary ideas and styles in art, architecture, and literature that developed in the early 20th century as a reaction to traditional forms. Both Czanne and Pollock understood that although their art was turning away from traditional forms, art is continuity. Never disregarding the Old Master, Czanne is said to be the father of modernism and Pollock the man who brought art from Paris to America. These two men, both known as avant-garde artists, one whos aim in life was to paint fruit and avoid people, the other who spent most of his time drunk, two great artists who revolutionised the art world with their use of new material and techniques and with their ideas and theories. Czanne began as an Impressionist but soon became frustrated, as Impressionist did not generate paintings that were compositionally strong, and so the creator of Modernism set out on a journey to empower objects with three-dimensional solidity. Czanne wanted to establish an equilibrium between the vivacious colour and solid form of three-dimensional objects and the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane. (Post-Impressionism: Cezanne, Nineteenth Century Art, pg 478). Similarly, Pollock was a modernist whose works were most prominent between 1948 and 1952. Pollock set out to explain as well as he could an emotional response to the da...

The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Also known as the Central African Federation, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was created between August 1st and October 23, 1953, and lasted until December 31, 1963. The federation joined the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), the colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and the protectorate of Nyasaland (now Malawi). Origins of the Federation White European settlers in the region were perturbed about the increasing black African population but had been stopped during the first half of the twentieth century from introducing more draconian rules and laws by the British Colonial Office. The end of World War II led to increased white immigration, especially in Southern Rhodesia, and there was a worldwide need for copper which existed in quantity in Northern Rhodesia. White settler leaders and industrialists once again called for a union of the three colonies to increase their potential and harness the black workforce. The election of the National Party in South Africa in 1948 worried the British government, which began to see federation as a potential counter to the Apartheid policies being introduced in SA. It was also seen as a potential sop to black nationalists in the region who were starting to ask for independence. Black nationalists in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia were worried that the white settlers of Southern Rhodesia would come to dominate any authority created for the new federation; this proved to be true, as the Federations first appointed prime minister was Godfrey Huggins, Viscount Malvern, who had already served as PM of Southern Rhodesia for 23 years. Operation of the Federation The British government planned for the Federation to eventually become a British dominion, and it was overseen from the start by a British assigned governor-general. The federation was an economic success, at least at the start, and there was an investment in a few expensive engineering projects, such as the Kariba hydro-electric dam on the Zambezi. In addition, in comparison to South Africa, the political landscape was more liberal. Black Africans worked as junior ministers and there was an income/property-owning basis to the franchise which allowed some black Africans to vote. There was still, however, an effective white minority rule to the government of the federation, and just as the rest of Africa was expressing a desire for majority rule, nationalist movements in the federation were growing. Break up of the Federation In 1959 Nyasaland nationalists called for action, and the resultant disturbances led to the authorities declaring a state of emergency. Nationalist leaders, including Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, were detained, many without a trial. After his release in 1960, Banda decamped to London, where with Kenneth Kaunda and Joshua Nkomo he continued to campaign for an end to the federation. The early sixties saw independence come to a number of French African colonies, and the British prime minister, Harold Macmillan, gave his famous wind of change speech in South Africa. The British had already decided in 1962 that Nyasaland should be allowed to secede from the federation. A conference held in early 63 at Victoria Falls was seen as a last-ditch attempt to maintain the federation. It failed. It was announced on February 1, 1963, that the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland would be broken up. Nyasaland achieved independence, within the Commonwealth, as Malawi on July 6, 1964. Northern Rhodesia became independent as Zambia on October 24th that year. White settlers in Southern Rhodesia announced a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on November 11, 1965.

Which Form of Governance is the best, Compare views of John Locke and Term Paper

Which Form of Governance is the best, Compare views of John Locke and Montesquieu - Term Paper Example Particularly, Montesquieu and Locke agreed on the doctrine of separation of powers and the legitimacy of the government as being founded upon the will of the people, as shall be seen in the ensuing discourse. John Locke’s ideas that characterize his persuasion on his opinion concerning the best form of government are mostly found in his Second Treatise on Civil Government. In this light, Locke believed that the best form of government is direct democracy. Locke believed that the best form of government had to have limited power. By the term limited power Locke meant that there had to be an existence of checks and balance. John Locke postulated that such a government had to begin by the majority entering into a commonwealth as they choose their government. This majority may therefore choose to have a democracy wherein they retain their legislative powers. Conversely, the majority can also opt for an oligarchy wherein they subject legislative power to a small group of selected individuals. A monarchy may also be preferred upon by the majority, so that power is concentrated on an individual. So far, Locke’s perspective appears neutral (Locke, 54). Locke’s neutrality is eradicated the moment he says that the majority should have the power to change the government and types of government. He also states that governments should be formed, based on the choices that subjects make. This seems to heavily resonate with the Vox populi, vox Dei notion which places the mandate and functions of the government as being ancillary to the will and voice of the masses. The notion that power to change the government and types of government should belong to the people also underscores the democratic principle that people can remove one regime and replace it with another which they deem more efficient and representational of their will. This lays ground for direct participation of the public in

Operations Management Principles and Tools Essay

Operations Management Principles and Tools - Essay Example 5). I think our company would benefit from a systematic enhancement to the communication of policy and procedures, similar to the tools implemented by other organizations, which would save time for managers and ensure compliance with corporate directives. As a good model for operations management ("OM") success, I have looked at several companies and decided to use FedEx as an example of one company that has successfully implemented OM tools. "FedEx provides access to a growingglobal marketplace through a network ofsupply chain, transportation, business and related information services" (FedEx, 2006, p. 1), and is very dependent upon efficiently operating its world-wide services. Located in Memphis, Tennessee, the organization is known as the industry leader in fast package delivery for individuals and businesses. Its management and delivery of information data to its various departmental leaders is a key source of profitability, as it enhances efficiency and policy compliance. My sources for researching this information are included in the References section of this report. I selected Robert Lowson's book on Operations Management to provide me with general information, relied on the FedEx website to give me specific company information, as well as the website of Quadralay's WebWorks product information for specific quotes and insight from Joe Lakey, the Senior Technical Writer for FedEx. The primary OM initiative for FedEx that I consider applicable to my company is their electronic provision of operations manuals and policies. As the WebWorks article, using the corporation's slogan, points out, "to 'absolutely, positively' guarantee the on-time delivery of nearly three million packages...managers rely on the business operations manuals located on their corporate intranet (Quadralay, 2006, p. 1). In this OM initiative, FedEx has determined that their Ground Operations Station Managers need instant access to the manuals that govern corporate procedures and operational directives. The benefits already being reaped by FedEx are numerous. They operate within a fiercely competitive environment, and the backbone of their success lies in two areas; the ability to have efficient operational guidelines to prescribe procedures, and the communication of those instructions to line managers. In this case, the Quadralay article points out that "[t]he documentation supports the highly efficient, high-speed operations of FedEx's largest division and North America's largest provider of overnight package delivery services" (2006, p. 1). For FedEx, the key words are "highly efficient" and "high-speed." This is a company whose business depends on speed, and whose competitive advantage hinges on efficiency. Through the successful implementation of the OM information system, the organization reaps the benefit of both. As Mr. Lakey notes, the managers of the company's stations are very busy people, and they "don't have time to spend digging through information to find what they n eed. So anything we can do to save them time and make their job easier is extremely helpful" (Quadralay, 2006, p. 1). Thus, this single OM initiative of providing operational manuals via the company's intranet is seen as a key part of the organization's

Over 30 workers Trapped After Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Research Paper

Over 30 workers Trapped After Chilean Copper Mine Collapse - Research Paper Example The rescue team had to drill another shaft to get into the miners. After, two months of drilling since the collapsed of the mine the rescue team managed to get into the trapped miners. Although, the conditions were unbearable the miners did all they could to remain alive while waiting to be rescued. Moreover, the government provided liquid food like milk to the mines to sustain the health condition of each person. The collapse of San Esteban mine was tragic and distressing mainly to the affected families. Thus, a communication design had to be in place to address the issue to the public and affected families. The government of Chile and San Esteban Mining Company had to filter the information that gets into the world about the disaster. Whelchel and Dauble indicate that the company has to deliver information in two main ways (2011). This is because of the existence of people with difference roles in the group and the having the audience in mind. Firstly, the information should be to the families and workers and secondly to the employees and press. As a result, delivering information with these audiences in mind will ensure most people receive the message as the company and the government intended. ... Therefore, Whelchel and Dauble indicate that the mining company has the responsibility to inform the families of the trapped workers about the happenings and proceedings taking place to rescue the trapped workers. The information will help address the potential need of the families of the mine. The potential need of the employees while receiving the information is to know the chances of survival of the trapped workers. More so to help trace the records of the workers trapped in the mine and stand in solidarity with the company leaders. This will help in the process of rescuing and identifying of the affected families. Before delivering the message about the collapsed San Esteban mine, the company should first know the number of workers trapped and have the list of the workers in the mine. The company would call an impromptu board meeting to explain to the internal management team about the disaster that has just happened and lay strategies of rescuing the trapped people. This will he lp in the clarity of the issues. Durham describes that before delivering information about the mine accident the company needs to know the ways of delivering information to the employees and the affected families (2011). This will help calm and reassure the families and employees and increase the peoples trust in the company rescuing process. Since, the collapse of the mine is a disaster that has affected the country, the government of Chile has to get the first hand information from the mining company before the information about the accident is officially released to other people, The focus of both the company and government will be on the action taken after the release information about the accident. The company could take

A Fundamental Extension In Morality Philosophy Essay

A Fundamental Extension In Morality Philosophy Essay In this essay I will try to explain and analyse the effects of the tragedy of the commons when dealing with a global ecological crisis. Moreover it will be observed how the tragedy of the commons prevents us from solutions to solve ecological problems which affect the world as a whole. I will try to put a focus on the economical problem of the tragedy and the solutions which have been proposed yet. The last decades have made it clear that our planet is on the verge of an epochal shift, different organisations dealing with ecological problems raised the alarm concerning the short- AND long-run future. It is well summarized by Al Gore: Unfortunately, in the intervening years, time has not stood still for the global environment. The pace of destruction has worsened and the urgent need for a response has grown more acute. ()The relationship between human civilization and the Earth has been utterly transformed by a combination of factors, including the population explosion, the technological revolution.() the worlds leading scientists, have offered increasingly dire warnings.2 Some wise, man already acknowledged this long before the status quo of ecological crisis in the modern world: () the white man does not understand our ways. ()he is a stranger who comes in the night and takes from the land whatever he needs. (), and when he has conquered it, he moves on. () His appetite will devour the earth and leave behind only a desert.3 Indeed the lifestyle of many societies is not sustainable, and has not been so even in ancient times. We just need to think of the fact that the roman empire 2000 years ago, during its thriving period was responsible for the destruction of the biggest forests in Europe. deforestation did not cause the Roman collapse, but that one could make a case as to being a part of it. 4   If we think of how small we are compared to the enormous, massive number of individuals in society, we could feel that we are insignificant members of a huge machine, which is moved by its self-enforcing and self-imposed rules. We feel insignificant and weak. (This kind of view is known in philosophy as Holism the idea that systems, in this case ecological and demographical systems, can only be explained as a whole and not a collection of parts. Moreover Holism states that society determines individuals and not the other way round) On the other hand we feel that it is not only our personal fault but also of the others who waste, abuse, exploit and prefer comfort to responsible and conscientious use of natural resources.(This will be explained better in the paragraph dedicated to the Tragedy of the commons) Garret Hardin 1968 Al Gore 2006 Chief Seattle,1854 Joseph A. Tainter, 2006 The Tragedy of the commons The tragedy of the commons was first described in an article by the ecologist Garrett Hardin published in 1968 in the Science journal. Hardin arrived to this dilemma starting his article from the concern of nuclear arms race between United states and the Soviet union during the years of cold war. His conclusion was that since our world is finite no technical solution is possible. What he means by technical solution is best defined by Hardin himself: A technical solution may be defined as one that requires a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas of morality.5 Hardin only started from this concern to define a no technical solution problem , a category of dilemmas which cannot be solved in a technical way. The reason is that we live in a finite world and even technological innovations cannot solve the problem of exponentially growing population, that is why we have to assume a finite world. The tragedy of the commons is one type of this dilemmas as will be explained. Concretely the tragedy of the commons is the situation which emerges in social systems, which leads to over exploitation of common resources and therefore their destruction. As common resources affected by the problem we usually find things like non polluted water, air or environment in general; forests; but also clean streets, roads without traffic, fisheries resource, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ At the base of these resources is the fact that they all belong to the public good (or perfect public good for certain authors) category as defined by economic theory: A public  good  (or  service) may be consumed without reducing the  amount  available for others, and cannot be withheld from those who do not  pay  for it. Public  goods   include (), national defense, parks, and other things for the use and  benefit  of all. No  market  exists for such goods().6 As defined above these goods have basically two characteristics : Non- rivalry in consumption and non-excludability of potential users. They are basically opposed to the private goods which have the opposite characteristics; for instance food is a typical private good: there is rivalry in consumption as if one person eats it, it cannot be eaten by someone else. Certainly they are also excludable a as is evidently clear. We can summarise the types of goods in the following table: 7 We wont focus on Common goods and Low congestion goods (also known as club goods) since they are more technical and not of the concern of this paper. Hardin 1968   businessdictionary.com livingeconomics.org As stated in the introduction of this text, environment it a typical public good and people have an ambiguous feeling concerning protection of the environment as conscious behaviour. Regarding this last point we can observe a certain psychological process occurring in an agentsA mind and logic. Agents is the economic definition of individual. They are purposeful agents who interact in space and time and whose micro-level interactions create emergent patterns. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) 8 The agent has two distinct feelings. The first one is a sense of injustice which can be summarized in the sentence Why should I care while anyone does not, and moreover enjoys the benefits of taking advantage of nature. The second reasoning going on in an agents mind is more rational. Furthermore if the person thinks of his utilityB he will end up noticing that if he chooses to protect the environment and act consciously he will not get the benefit (utility) of his actions (for instance a less polluted air) because anyway other agents will abuse the environment increasing their own utility. B. In  economics, the level satisfaction the person derives from a good or service. Utility is inherently subjective and thus difficult to measure(). Historically, it has been thought that one can  quantify  the utility of each unit, but some  economists  disagree with this. 9 Hardin makes the example of a pasture in the land to which everybody has access to. Given a group of many herdsmen anyone willing to increase his own utility and therefore revenues, it appears clear that one is better off having many animals than a few. If we imagine a rational herdsman taking decision whether to add an additional animal to his herd, he has two effects from the decision, one is a positive and the other a negative in regard to his utility. The positive is the fact that he will have all the proceeds from an additional animal. We can therefore imagine an incensement of utility equal to +1. The negative one is that the pasture is exploited more and more and will yield less. But since the herdsman is not the only owner but there are many, this negative effect will be shared with the others, it is therefore only a fraction of -1. 10 Since they are rational it is reasonable to add an additional animal but as all do so, the pasture gets ruined. Indeed this is due to the fact that the revenue is individualistic, the loss on the other hand is shared by all. Additionally each one is only applying his individual rationality which is different from collective one. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit-in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush10 At this point one could argue that after some years the herdsmen understand that abusing the pasture by over exploiting it leads to a worse outcome for all since it gets infertile and no one can profit from it anymore. But even if they do understand the mechanism of the dilemma it is very difficult to enforce means of controlling the others: pastures are huge and there are many animals, so how to distinguish one from another? If it would be conceivable to create such a control in the herdsmen case it would be even worse and unthinkable for cases like pollution. How to control every person who is dirtying the streets? Agreement to prevent polluting action is almost impossible, violators are difficult to catch because the agents are many and the damage produced by each action is relatively small and hidden. What is even worse is that violations are hard to identify not only because the group is big, but also fluid (lots of agents are in the place for a very short period of time) New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008 Farlex Financial Dictionary. 2012 Farlex, Inc. Hardin 1968 Conclusions As we have seen the tragedy of the common is the biggest deal preventing us to deal with a global ecological crisis. We know that the problem of each person will be asking what would change if they act in a conscious way, but the conclusion will only be that the environment gets ruined anyway and the individual will be worse off than when acting selfish. This is not only true for single people but also for entire nations. The latter concept is also known in international law as Transboundary damage: Transboundary damage can arise from a wide range of activities which are carried out in one country but in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ict adverse effects in the territory of another. Traditionally, however, transboundary damage as a term of art normally refers to border-crossing damage via land, water, or air in dyadic State relations11, 12, 13 It is the idea that industrial or economic activity conducted by one country for its own sake creates damage for others. The technical definition is That large-scale industrial, agricultural, and technical activities conducted in the territory of one country can cause detrimental effects in the territory of another country or to areas of the global commons.11,12,13 The problem is still that: Everyone is waiting for everyone else to act first, the result being that no one acts at all.14, 15 Economic theory deals with this kind of problem as a market failure. As we said in the previous paragraph, public goods lead to market failures because a certain part of the cost of the action is not paid by the agent. For instance the cost of a polluted environment is not paid by the polluting industries. These agents are known in economic theory as free riders: Party  that enjoys a  benefit  accruing from a collective effort, but  contributes  little or nothing to the effort.16 General solution to the problem is to tax the agent who is creating the social cost so that he has to pay the price for the damage he is creating. This kind of taxation is known as Pigouvian tax, from the name of his inventor: Arthur Cecil Pigou What is different in our case is that we deal with a global ecological crisis so there is no global financial institution which could enforce taxation on national states. A particular solution which is interesting in our case is the one of emission trading. This refers to a system of tradable permit which can be bought on a market. Each permit gives the right to pollute a certain quantity, the outcome of the trading is unexpected: An industry whichs cost of reducing pollution is high might buy the permits, on the other hand an industry with low reduction cost for emission might reduce its emissions and sells its permits to others. The more efficient in reducing emissions are rewarded. This system is not only a theoretical one but was actually applied for the Kyoto protocol of 1997 about CO2 emissions. Still as stated above and previous to our times by Garret Hardin these are mostly technical solutions and will only delay the moment in which resources will not suffice especially with a growing population. Therefore a different approach is necessary, a shift in the way we act but fundamentally in what we believe to be the goal of our lives and therefore societies. Certainly one answer to the problem would be the one of the Ecologist view of the world. Green parties have been asking for reduction of emission and preservation of environment since the late sixties. The basic foundation of their claims is that human society as a whole should reduce its consumption and live a life which is sustainable. () the more fundamental response is to try to reduce or avoid those human activities that are seen as endangering sustainable development.17 We should demand ourselves if we really need all the material good provided by society and if this really makes us happier. Market economy states that the price is the value a consumer gives to a certain good. If he is willing to pay one hundred dollars for a good or service this means he values it exactly one hundred dollars of utility. But the question is does our happiness really depend on this? Because in the end, at the deepest layer it is just about it Happiness. It has been questioned if the relation with nature is only one sided or if it might be that our life depends from what nature gives to us : Weve heard copious accounts of our impact-as humans, as a society-on the natural world. But this is not a one-sided relationship. Lost in these dire and scolding accounts has been the impact on us and our well-being.18 This is Lambins view in his book ecology of happiness. Further he arrives to the conclusion that You sense it while walking on a sandy beach, or in a wild, woody forest, or when you catch sight of wildlife, or even while gardening in your backyard. Could it be that the natural environment is an essential part of our happiness?18 The answer is a positive one, we were born as natural beings but the development of modern society pushed us extremely far away from our original situation. We should really think if the direction our society is going will bring to a better life for all? Hanqin, Xue 2003 Crawford, James 2003 Bell, John 2003 G. Smith 2002 J. Connelly 2002 The Business dictionary Szarka, Joseph Eric Lambin 2012

Comparison of Coca Cola and Pepsi Essay -- Coca Cola Pepsi Business Ma

Comparison of Coca Cola and Pepsi Coca-Cola and Pepsi are the two greatest competitors in the soft drink industry. A brief introduction and history of the two companies will provide a basis for understanding how the companies have come to be where they are today and how they run their companies. The company structure of each will also be briefly explained to provide an understanding of how management style is impacted. Marketing and Advertising The marketing skills that these companies possess are the reason both Coca-Cola and Pepsi are so successful. Our research will provide an in-depth look at the marketing tactics that these companies use and how they compare to each other. The use of new technologies, forecasting, advertising, and political environments will all be included when determining what affects the marketing strategies the companies choose to take. SWOT Analysis To gain a better understanding of each company, we determined some strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each company. Each company has brand recognition on their sides and threats such as foreign, political, and economic situations in countries that Coke and Pepsi are established in. Comparing these aspects of each company will provide a good idea of future successes. Conclusion After a detailed look into Pepsi and Coke’s tactics for managing and successfully running their businesses, a summary of how each company manages its resources ties the research together and compares the overall management of the two companies. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Coca-Cola Company is the world's leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, with world headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. Coca-Cola, the Company's flagship brand, and over 230 other soft-drink brands are manufactured and sold by the Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries in nearly 200 countries around the world. The Company and its subsidiaries employ nearly 31,000 people around the world. Dr. John Stith Pemberton first introduced Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia in 1886. The pharmacist concocted a caramel-colored syrup in a three-legged brass kettle in his backyard. The Coca-Cola Company’s operating management structure consists of five geographic groups plus The Minute Maid Company. Other Coke products are: Barq’s Root Beer, Cherry Coke, Powerade, Citra, Mel... .../sectors/3080.asp, (accessed 11/9/2000) Hays, Constance L., (2000), http://nytimes.com/library/financial/Sunday/080600biz- coke.html (accessed 10/8/2000) â€Å"It’s the Real Thing,† (1999), http://www.t- bird.edu/alumni/readingroom/magizine/features/realthing.asp (accessed 11/9/2000) â€Å"Law Firm Chitwood & Harley Announces Class Action Lawsuit Against Coca-Cola Company,† (2000), http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/001027/chitwood_h_2.html (accessed 11/2/2000) PepsiCo, Inc., 1998 Annual Report. Purchase, New York: PepsiCo, Inc., 1999 PepsiCo, Inc., 1999 Annual Report. Purchase, New York: PepsiCo, Inc., 2000 PepsiCo, Inc., www.pepsi.com, (accessed 9/2000 – 11/2000) PepsiCo, Inc., www.pepsico.com, (accessed 9/2000 – 11/2000) Simao, Paul (2000), SoBe deal may spur Coke into new age drinks—analysts, http://biz.yahoo.com/rf/001101/n1340525.html (accessed 11/2/2000) Thompson, Mark (1999), Coca-Cola and PepsiCo find their fizz, http://moneycentral.msn.com/articles/invest/sectors/3080.asp?Printer (accessed 11/9/2000) â€Å"When Coke and Pepsi Battle, More than Cola is at Stake†; Kiplinger’s Personal Finance Magazine; Feb 1992

Rehabilitation Counselor Education Programs Regarding Essay

For the past several years, the health care and insurance industries in America have been undergoing significant reform in order to rein in the high cost of delivering health care services. Managed care has become a cornerstone of this process (Strickland, 1995). The case management industry (with its focus on cost containment, managed competition, and quality care) is playing an increasingly important role in the managed care environment (Owens, 1996). According to Mullahy (1995a), the number of case managers has risen astronomically in recent years. These individuals come from diverse professional backgrounds and practice settings that include nursing, rehabilitation counseling, and social work. Case management, however, is not a new concept. Many human service, rehabilitation, and health care professions have a history of using case management models in the execution of their responsibilities. For example, in many psychiatric rehabilitation work settings social workers are frequently hired as case managers to coordinate the provision of community-based services to their clientele (Sledge, Astrachan, Thompson, Rakfeldt, & Leaf, 1995). Case management is also an extremely important function of rehabilitation counselors in both public and private sectors (Leahy, Chan, Taylor, Wood & Downey, 1997; Leahy, Szymanski & Linkowski, 1993; Matkin, 1995). Similarly, medical case management is increasingly being viewed as an essential aspect of professional nursing practice (Lamb, 1995). The Development of Private Sector Case Management The impetus for case management practice in health care settings can be traced to the skyrocketing cost of workers compensation in the 1970s. Private sector rehabilitation grew in response to the demand for vocational rehabilitation services by workers’ compensation insurance carriers (Matkin, 1995). Federal legislation also promoted the growth of private sector case management services. albeit inadvertently. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 gave priority within the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system to individuals with severe disabilities, causing workers’ compensation carriers to seek vocational rehabilitation services for their (typically less severely injured) claimants in the private sector Habeck, Leahy, Hunt, Chan & Welch, 1991). In increasing numbers. rehabilitation nurses and rehabilitation counselors were hired to provide both medical and vocational case management services to workers’ compensation claimants. In the late 1980s, case management began to develop its own impetus as an independent profession (E. Holt, personal communication, December 1, 1996). In 1991, 29 organizations involved in the field gathered in Dallas, Texas, at a consensus meeting organized by the Individual Case Management Association. The intent was to agree upon the philosophical basis for case management, a universal definition of case management, and a set of meaningful practice standards. Eventually, a certification program for case managers was developed, including eligibility criteria and content areas for a certification examination. On July 1, 1995, the Commission for Case Manager Certification (CCMC) was incorporated as a separate, independent credentialing body. Although the process is still very young, there are already over 19,000 Certified Case Mangers (CCMs) who have completed certification requirements. With technical and administrative support from the Foundation for Rehabilitation Education and Research, Leahy (1994) surveyed 14,078 practicing case managers representing multiple professional disciplines in a variety of work settings. His research suggested that case managers share a common knowledge base required for case management practice comprised of five factors: 1) coordination and delivery of services; 2) physical and psychosocial aspects of disability; 3) benefit systems and cost benefit analysis; 4) case management concepts; and 5) principles of community re-entry. Roles and Functions Studies In 1991, Matkin used a job analysis approach to identify work role categories as well as knowledge requirements associated with the major tasks performed by rehabilitation specialists in the private sector (Matkin, 1995). Seven major knowledge domains were identified, but case management and the coordination of rehabilitation services were determined to occupy approximately 40% of the subjects’ work time. More recently, Leahy, Chan, Taylor, Wood, and Downey (1997) identified seven empirically derived knowledge factors as important for effective private rehabilitation practice. These knowledge factors are: vocational assessment and planning; case management and reporting; expert witness testimony; employment and disability related legislation and regulations; community resources; psychosocial and functional aspects of disability; and job analysis and odification. In their study, knowledge of case management was rated as most important with a mean (M) score of 3. 24 (based on a five-point Likert-type scale, with 0 meaning not important to 4 indicating absolutely essential). Their study may reflect a shift in private rehabilitation practice from predominantly vocational counseling and job placement to medical and vocational case management. These same researchers also found several distinctions between private rehabilitation practitioners with a rehabilitation counseling background and those with a nursing background. While specialists with rehabilitation counseling expertise viewed knowledge in vocational rehabilitation as important to private rehabilitation practice, practitioners with a nursing background believed that community resources and medical rehabilitation service coordination activities were more important.